PHYSICS

THE HUMAN EYE

• The Human Eye With this presentation, we will tackle about the following: a. Parts of the Human Eye b. Functions of the Parts c. Defects of the Human Eye
• Fundamental Parts of the Human Eye
• Functions of the Parts of the Human Eye The human eye is the sense organ which helps us to see the colorful world around us. The human eye is like a camera. Its lens system forms an image on a light sensitive screen called retina. The eye ball is almost spherical in shape with a diameter of about 2.3cm. Light enters the eye through a transparent membrane called cornea. Behind the cornea is a muscular diaphragm called iris which has an opening called pupil. The pupil controls the amount of light entering the eye. The eye lens helps to focus the image of objects on the retina. The ciliary muscles helps to change the curvature of the lens and to change its focal length.
• The macula allows us to appreciate detail and perform tasks that require central vision such reading. The vitreous humor comprises a large portion of the eyeball. It is a clear gel that occupies the space behind the lens and before the retina at the back of the eye. Because the eye must process visual data, this liquid must be clear enough that light can easily pass through. The optic nerve transmits electrical impulses from the retina to the brain. It connects to the back of the eye near the macula.
• Human Eye Defects Myopia (Near Sightedness) is a defect of vision in which a person can see nearby objects clearly but cannot see distant objects clearly because the image is formed in front of the retina. This may be due to : i) Increase in curvature of the eye lens ii) Increase in the length of the eye ball It can be corrected by using suitable concave lens. Myopic eye Correction using concave lens
• Hypermetropia (Far Sightedness) is a defect of vision in which a person can see distant objects clearly but cannot see nearby objects clearly because the image is formed behind the retina. This may be due to:- i) Decrease in curvature of eye lens ii) Decrease in the length of the eye ball It can be corrected by using a suitable convex lens. Hypermetropic eye Correction using convex lens
• Presbyopia is a defect of vision in old people in which they are not able to see nearby objects clearly due to the increase in the distance of near point. This is due to the weakening of the ciliary muscles and decrease in the flexibility of the eye lens. It can be corrected by using suitable convex lens. Sometimes they are not able to see both nearby and distant objects clearly. It can be corrected by using bifocal lenses consisting of both concave and convex lenses. The upper part is concave for correction of distant vision and the lower part is convex for correction of near vision.
• Astigmatism is a defect in the eye when the light rays do not all come to a single focal point on the retina, instead some focus on the retina and some focus in front of or behind it. This is usually caused by a non-uniform curvature of the cornea. A typical symptom of astigmatism is if you are looking at a pattern of lines placed at various angles and the lines running in one direction appear sharp whilst those in other directions appear blurred. Astigmatism can usually be corrected by using a special spherical cylindrical lens; this is placed in the out-of-focus axis.
• A cataract is a clouding of the lens, which prevents a clear, sharp image being produced. A cataract forms because the lens is sealed in a capsule and as old cells die they get trapped in the capsule, with time this causes a clouding over of the lens. This clouding results in blurred images.
• Age-related Macular Degeneration (ARMD) is a degenerative condition of the macula (the central retina). It is caused by the hardening of the arteries that nourish the retina. This deprives the retinal tissue of the nutrients and oxygen that it needs to function and causes a deterioration in central vision.
• Glaucoma is a disease caused by increased IOP usually resulting from a malfunction in the eye’s drainage system. The eye produces a clear fluid (aqueous humor) that fills the space between the cornea and the iris. This fluid filters out through a complex drainage system. It is the balance between the production and drainage of this fluid that determines the eyes intraocular pressure (IOP). Increased IOP can cause irreversible damage to the optic nerve and retinal fibers and if left untreated can result in a permanent loss of vision.

PHYSICS

Blogger's note: The information I will be posting today aren't mine. They were all taken during our discussion in our Advanced Physics II class with Mr. Mohamad Ali Ramber. The pictures and animations aren't also mine. Credits to the rightful owners who placed it in google

LIGHT

Light behaves as a particle and a wave. Soundwaves travel through air (medium). Light has no medium (wave property). Photons make up light (particle property)

Energy in each photon is based on frequency.

E = hf, where h is Plank's constant which is approximately equal to 6.626 x 10^-34 J.S

Blue light bends most while red light bends the least.

CORPUSCULAR THEORY OF LIGHT (1704)

• Isaac Newton
• Contains a stream of small particles
• Travels in straight lines at great speeds
• reflected from mirrors in a predictable way

WAVE THEORY OF LIGHT

• Thomas Young
• Light is a wave
• undergoes diffraction and interference (Young's double-slit experiment)

LIGHT AS PARTICLE

• position "x", momentum p=mv, mass "m"

LIGHT AS WAVE

• wavelength, amplitude, frequency

WAVES vs PARTICLES

• a particle is localized in space and has discrete physical properties such as mass.
• Wave is inherently spread out, could have amplitudes in a continuous range
• waves superpose and pass through each other, while particles collide and bounce off each other.

Diffraction

 -spreading out of the plane waves as they pass through a hole.

Interference

1. Constructive Interference - occurs where wave crests meet
2. Destructive Interference - occurs where wave crest and trough meet.

BLACKBODY RADIATION

• Blackbody is an object which totally absorbs all radiation that falls on it
• Any hot body radiates light over the whole spectrum of frequencies

PHYSICS

This week, we had a series of test for evaluation of what we learned throughout the past  months. We were given series of problems that we have to solve dealing with index refractions, mirrors, mirror equations, lens, lens equations even the compound lenses.

We also had a chapter test which pretty much summarizes everything we discussed.

We also had this new agreement that in every chapter test, one should get at least 75 percent of the number of items correct or else they will have remedial classes.

However, remedial classes aren't that bad, are they? :)

xoxo

-Ronna

PHYSICS

IMAGE FORMATION FOR CONVERGING LENSES

IMAGES FORMED IN DIVERGING LENSES

RESEARCH

This week, we were taught on how to do the Chapter 2 or the Review of Related Literature.

According to our teacher, he told us that there should be three things your RRL should have: First, it should have informations from any published literature on the topic i.e. encyclopedia, etc. Second, it must have a supporting research problem in which is related to your problem. And third, it should contain your own statement saying how important are these related studies and literature are to your study.

Currently, we are finding a related and relative research study about our project. And I hope we can find one soon.

xoxo
-Ronna

PHYSICS

Blogger's note: The information I will be posting today aren't mine. They were all taken during our discussion in our Advanced Physics II class with Mr. Mohamad Ali Ramber. The pictures and animations aren't also mine. Credits to the rightful owners who placed it in google.

LENS

Lens are two reflective surfaces joined together. There are two types of lenses: diverging lens and converging lens.

3 Types of Converging Lenses and Diverging Lenses

Converging lenses collects light and lets them converge in one point.

Diverging lenses scatters light, thus the word.

Note: If the distance of the object is infinite, the image formed is a point.

Equation:

Sign conventions:

Note: Converging Lens are positive lens whereas diverging lens are negative lens.

RESEARCH

After having our final SIP problem which was the remote controlled mop, deadline for the Chapter 1 is coming nearer. As of now, this is our chapter 1...

IMPROVISED REMOTE CONTROLLED FLOOR MOP

A Research Paper Presented to the

Science and Research Department of

Pagadian City Science High School

San Jose Heights, Pagadian City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

In Research II

Englisa, Ronna Christma C.

Conol, Annamea

Villa, Kirsteen

2014

INTRODUCTION

1.1BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

                Cleanliness has been one of mankind’s biggest concerns in his abide. It is undeniable that cleanliness has been playing a crucial role in terms of health, comfort and virtue on man for the past millennia. However, keeping this hasn’t also been easy.

                Focusing on the most basic place in the community, -our homes –people often find household cleaning as a tiring job. There’s this feather dusting, arranging of furniture, sweeping and mopping the floors. In cleaning the floor, the all-time favorite vacuum cleaner came to solve the hardships o this task. But considering the fact that these floors are usually kept shiny and dust-free, mopping the floor is no exemption.

                This is undeniable that people are getting busier every now and then. The pile of schedules and work steal most of their times and energy. Because of this, keeping the household clean has been quite difficult to maintain compare to the situation decades ago.

                Currently, a new device has been released in the market called Sugoi Remote Control Mop by Kyosho Egg. This is a remote control mop that allows you to operate it and mop the floors without doing many efforts. Just sit on the couch and let it clean using the remote control. This innovation has been really handy for people doing the household chores. But, some flaws were observe in this device.

                First, the Sugoi Mop is quite expensive amounting to almost $40 or approximately Php 1,812. Not all people can afford this convenient mop. Considering this case, not everyone can also benefit in the comfort this mop brings.

                Second, the mop can only clean dusts from the floors and some consumers in online markets complained that it was just like a toy and not really for cleaning. Though it can make the floor shiny, this is not enough to polish quite dirty floors. This is because, the cloth used in this mop has no force to push it down the floor hence not much force is used to polish the floor. The less force is used, the less shiny and less clean.

                Although there are also existing robomops or automatic robot mops which are better than the RC floor mops, they also come with high prices making them unaffordable for people of average income.

                On the other hand, an article in an innovation website cited that there is an alternative for this remote controlled toy vehicle.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

                The main objective of this study is to produce an improvised mop which is more efficient in cleaning and is more affordable compared to the ones released in the market using materials that are easily found in malls and department stores.

                Specifically, the following sub-problems are aimed to be answer:

1.       How efficient is your improvised floor mop?

2.       What is the significant difference in the output in cleaning between the RC floor mop and the improvised one?

3.       Is there a difference in terms of effort exerted and output when using the improvised RC floor mop than the human manual mopping?

1.3 HYPOTHESIS

HO1. Radio controlled/ remote controlled cars can be efficient replacements for the body of the remote controlled mop providing that this toy car is also attached with a mop and in order to make the mop exert more effort on the floor, a block of wood or anything that is heavy enough can be used in order to push the mop on the floor.

HO2.  There is no significant difference between improvised RC mop performs similarly to the commercial remote controlled mop and though it provides a lot more comfort compared to human manual mopping, the output in human manual mopping is still better.

1.4SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

                The fact that this is remote mop and offers a great comfort and relief to people who are tired enough to clean their floor is one of its greatest asset when talking about the significance. This study allow this mop to be more affordable and more efficient in cleaning by correcting the obvious flaws such as its expensive price and the remarkably little force it exerts upon the floor resulting in it not really suitable for general cleaning.

                Generally, once this study is pursued, this will boost the mop’s potential to a higher percent and improve the quality of living on citizens around the globe particularly those who can’t afford to clean their houses anymore due to their lack of strength and endurance, at the same time make the price more affordable.

                Particularly, the housewives or those people who don’t hire helpers in their house, this innovation can lighter their loads thus, giving them more time for themselves and to do their unfinished business instead of spending the whole day, cleaning and working their bodies off.

                This study will also benefit the janitors, janitress and the workers in establishments and households as this will make their works easier and lighter at the same time, enlighten them from burdens.

                To the researchers themselves as this study will improve their creativity, hardworking attitudes, patience and develop their characters which will strengthen their foundations in the future.

                This study will also be of benefit to the market since this study will hopefully come out with an improvised, cheaper yet more efficient RC floor mop which will attract a lot of practical buyers and add on their source of income.

                This will also benefit other researchers and innovators. This study gives them additional knowledge in remote control devices opening the door of new opportunities and innovations that will benefit mankind in the future.

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

                This study attempts to create an improvised RC floor mop based on the models released on the market lately. The study will be conducted within the city’s vicinity chosen by the researchers and the basis for the general acceptability will be only the cleaning time and efficiency in comparison to the human manual mopping.

                This study is limited to creating only a more efficient and more affordable floor mop. The qualities of the improvised device will only be compared to the RC mops in the market. This will not include the robot mops. This study is also focused on creating an improvised RC mop that will almost equal the outputs of human manual mopping. Nevertheless, it’s not really attempting to create a device better than the traditional way of mopping.

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Mop – the improvised remote control mop

Traditional way – old way of mopping (human manual mopping)

Regular – RC Mop in the market

We already submitted this to our teacher in Research subject and he said he will return it to us soon. I know this will have corrections and revisions and I'm excited about those :)

xoxo

-Ronna